ÇöÞúÑóà æó ÑóÈøõßó ÇáÇóßúÑóãõ

ÇóáøóÐöì Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö

Úóáøóãó ÇáÇöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇáóã íóÚúáóãõ

Recite and your Fosterer is Most Honourable.

Who taught with the pen.

He taught man that which he did not know.

 

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE HOLY QURAN

 

Introduction

 

It’s very tragic that most of us recite the Holy Quran, the word of ALLAH, the book of instructions, the only Source of authentic knowledge, without understanding it. We offer Salat, reciting passages in Arabic which we do not mean, because again we do not understand what we say.

            In our worldly life, for nominal financial and social benefits, we take pains even in old age, to learn any language imposed on us. We spend hundreds and thousands of rupees on private tuitions for our children, to make them understand highly complicated subjects of Mathematics and Science, but when the problem of understanding the Holy Quran  is posed, we are indifferent. Are we not answerable for this indifferent attitude of ours? Yes! It is in response to this fear that this work has been prepared so as to help the English knowing readers of the Holy Quran in learning basic important rules of grammer used in the Holy Quran.

            The Holy Quran contains 1800 and odd basic root words which have been repeated in a variety of grammatic forms. Some of these words convey more than one meaning. All these words add up to 2000 and odd. If one learns the meanings of these 2000 and odd words and the grammatic rules to use them correctly in framing sentences, then, Insha Allah, in due course of time, he may be able to understand nearly the whole of the Holy Quran without the help of any translation and he may also be able to offer his Salat knowing the meaning of every word he recites. Aren’t these great temptations to understand, memorise and digest this small book?

            May Allah help us, in fulfilling this desire with the sole aim of practically implementing all that we understand, and there by achieve success and happiness in this world and in the hereafter. Ameen.

 

Dr. MIR ANEESUDDIN, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Osm)

     

CONTENTS   

ELEMENTARY GRAMMER / PRONOUNS & WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS 

     

ARABIC WORDS

NOUN ÇöÓúãñ

Noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Following varieties of nouns deserve our attention.

PRONOUNS     ÖóãóÇäöÑ

VERB  ÝóÚóá

Verb is a word that indicates an action associated with past, present  or  future.

WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS

PHASES AND SENTENCES

A group of two or more words is know as a ãõÑóßøóÈ ( compound ).

 

 

 

CHAPTER – 1

 

ARABIC WORDS

In Arabic language, most of the Nouns and Verbs are derived from words normally consisting of a minimum of 3 alphabets like

 

Ý Ú á -  ÝóÚóáó                                   Ú È Ï - ÚóÈóÏó

                                       He worshipped                                                            He did

 

            The meaning, gender, number, tense etc. of any root word can be altered, by adding appropriate alphabets in the beginning, middle or at the end and also by changing the signs above and below each alphabets.

I murder    ÇóÞúÊõáõ        

 

Murderer        ÞóÇÊöáñ     

 

We murdered  ÞóÊóáúäóÇ      

 

He murdered  ÞóÊóáó      

 

He was murdered  ÞõÊöáó

 

            Thus from a single 3 lettered root word numerous other words can be derived but the basic meaning of the root words is normally retained in some form or the other.

            There are 8 signs which are marked above or below an alphabet to produce sounds shown below :

 

           u,      as in who

 

           a,      as in far

 

           e,      as in seen

 

           un ,    as in dhun

 

           an,     as in run

 

           in ,     as in pin.

 

               or      are used for abrupt stop, as in “cut”  ÝóÚóáóÊú    for repeating the sound of an alphabet as in running, Çáøáå . Nouns can be identified by the prefix  Çóáú as in  ÇóáÑøóÍúãóÇäõ or in the signs  ,  or   on the last alphabet of a world ÒóíúÏñ  , äóÇÕöÑðÇ  or  ÍóÇãöÏò . A verb can be identified when it is prefixed by ÞóÏú ,  áó ,  ÓóæúÝó  or  Óó  and by the sign   on the last alphabet.

 

Past tense                           He has killed                                      ÞóÏúÞóÊóáó

Present tense                      He knows               íóÚúáóãõ                   

Future tense                       He will strike                               ÓóíóÖúÑöÈõ

Future tense                        You will know                    ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæúäó

Order                                  ( you ) kill     ÇõÞúÊõáú                          

            The number of alphabets and their signs in the case of the preposition used for joining nouns and verbs are fixed :

            from = ãöäú                        over = Úóáì                       in = Ýöíú

 

            The three lettered word ÝóÚóáó  meaning ‘to work’, is usually selected to demonstrate the changes that can be brought about in the meaning, gender, tense etc. of a root word by altering the signs of and increasing the number of alphabets : works = ÇóÝúÚóÇáñ

                You ( will ) work = ÊóÝúÚóáõ                one who works = ÝóÇÚöáñ                       work = ÝóÚúáñ

When the root words contains the vowels í  or æ  or Ç then along with the signs some of the letters too are changed or even dropped. In the case of the root word Þóæúáñ   instead of writing  Þóæúáó  for the third person singular past tense, it is written as ÞóÇáó  that is æ  is replaced by Ç . In the case of the root letter æ Þ í  for the imparative form, only one letter is used Þö  meaning “Guard” as in ÞöäóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö  ( guard or save us from the punishment of fire )

 

 

CHAPTER – II

 

NOUN ÇöÓúãñ  

Noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Following varieties of nouns deserve our attention.

 

1. INFLEXIBLE NOUN ÇöÓúãö ÌóÇãöÏú     

A noun which has not been derived from an infinitive :

              Elephant = Ýöíúáñ                    Horse = ÝóÑóÓñ

 

2. VERBAL NOUN ãóÕúÏöÑñ             

A noun that has been derived from an infinitive and from which other words are derived :

( Infinitive )                  To murder                        =                    ÞóÊóáó

( Noun )                         Murder                           =                      ÞóÊúáñ

( Derived subject )        Murderer                       =                    ÞóÇÊöáñ

( Derived object )         one who is murdered      =                ãóÞúÊõæúáñ

 

3. COMMON NOUN ÇöÓúãö äößöÑÉ        

These nouns refer to Classes or groups of things :

           Star = äóÌúãñ                           House = ÈóíúÊñ

 

4. PROPER NOUN            ÇöÓúãö ãóÚúÑöÝóå 

These nouns refer to particular persons, places or things like :  ãóßøóÉñ ¡ ÍóÇãöÏñ

When the alphabets Çóáú   are prefixed to a common noun, it gets converted to a proper noun, imparting the meaning of the English article “THE”

The Star             ÇóáäøóÌúãõ

The House     ÇóáúÈóíúÊõ

The noun in subjective case ( active ) ends in  Hamid became ÌóÇÁó ÍóÇãöÏñ . The noun is objective case

( passive ) ends in  I struck Hamid ÖóÑóÈóÊõ ÍóÇãöÏðÇ  . The noun which is preceded by a preposition end in  I went towards Hamid ÐóåóÈóÊõ Åáì ÍóÇãöÏò  .

In case the noun is prefixed with Çóáú  then the last alphabet will be marked by    respectively instead of   .

 

5. ACTIVE NOUN – SUBJECT ÝóÇÚöáú        

This noun is derived from the root word by adding Ç after the first alphabet and marking the sign  on the central alphabet.

 ÝóÊóÍó -  ÝóÇÊöÍñ                        äóÕóÑó -  äóÇÕöÑñ                     

                                  One who helps                                   One who opens

 

6. PASSIVE NOUN – OBJECT      ãóÝúÚõæúáñ  

This noun is derived from the root word by prefixing ãó and inserting æ between the second and third letters. The central alphabet is marked with the sign  .

    ÝóÊóÍó -  ãóÝúÊõæúÍñ                    äóÕóÑó -  ãóäúÕõæúÑñ                   

                                  One who is helped                           one that is opened

 

7. NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME ÇÓã ÖÑÝ æ ãßÇä æ ÒãÇä           

The noun has ã  with sign  prefixed to the root word. The central alphabet has the sign  if the Aorist verb ÝöÚúáö ãõÖóÇÑöÚú   has   or  on the central alphabet of the root word. The central alphabet will have  marked on it, if the central alphabet of the Aorist verb also has  marked on it.

 

Name of Place / Time                                                                Aorist Verb

Opening ãóÝúÊõæúÍñ                                                                      íóÝúÊóÍõ     

Helping ãóäúÕóÑñ                                                  íóäúÕõÑõ     

Sitting ãóÌúáöÓñ                                                      íóÌúáöÓõ

 

( Exceptions to the rule )

íóÔúÑóÞõ                               ãóÔúÑöÞõ 

íóÓúÌõÏõ                                ãóÓúÌöÏõ 

íõÕóáøöí                               ãõÕóáøì 

 

8. NOUN OF THE INSTRUMENT             ÇöÓúã Âáå

Names of working instruments. There are three forms

Plough ãöÝúÚóáñ                         ãöÍúÑóËñ                  ( Í  Ñ Ë )

Key ãöÝúÚóÇáñ                        ãóÝúÊóÇÍñ                  ( Ý Ê Í )   

Fan ãöÝúÚóáóÉñ                        ãöÑúæóÍóÉñ                 ( Ñ æ Í )      

 

9. ADJECTIVE ÇöÓúãö ÕöÝóÊú                       

These words indicate qualities or attributes of nouns. In some cases, after the second alphabet of the root word, one of the vowels æ, í or Ç is added as follows :

Good  ( Ô Ñ Ý )           ÔóÑöíúÝñ                  

Dignified   ( æ Þ Ñ )             æóÞõæúÑñ               

Brave                             ( Ô Ì Ú )           ÔõÌóÇÚñ

 

Following forms are also used

Difficult ÝóÚúáñ                ÕóÚúÈñ               

Beautiful ÝóÚóáñ                ÍóÓóäñ             

Hard ÝõÚúáñ                ÕõáúÈñ                  

Very happy ÝóÚöáñ                ÝóÑöÍñ            

Beneficent ÝóÚúáÇäñ              ÑóÍúãóÇäñ         

 

10. NOUNS OF EXAGGERATION ÇöÓúã ãõÈóÇáöÛóå             

To express an excess of some quality, following terms of the root word ÝÚá are used.

Very cautious ÝóÚöáñ                              ÍóÐöÑñ                      

Very merciful ÝóÚöíúáñ                             ÑóÍöíúãñ                     

Heavy eater ÝóÚõæúáñ                             Çóßõæúáñ                      

Very learned ÝóÚøóÇáñ                             ÚóáÇøãñ                      

Very elderly ÝõÚøóÇáñ                              ßõÈøóÇÑñ                       

Very truthful ÝöÚøöíúáñ                              ÕöÏøöíúÞñ                   

Cutter ãöÝúÚóáñ                             ãöÌúÒóãñ                            

Great bestower ãöÝúÚóÇáñ                            ãöäúÚóÇãñ                  

Very poor ãöÝúÚöíúáñ                            ãöÓúßöíúäñ                      

Very peculiar ÝõÚóÇáñ                              ÚõÌóÇÈñ                   

Great differentiator ÝóÇÚõæúáñ                           ÝóÇÑõæúÞñ            

One who laughs ÝõÚúáóÉñ                              ÖõÍúßóÉñ                

Established one ÝóÚøõæúáñ                             Þóíøõæúãñ                   

Very holy ÝõÚøõæúáñ                             ÞõÏøõæúÓñ                       

One who finds excuses ÝõÚøóáñ                              ÞõáøóÈñ            

 

11. COMPARATIVE NOUN ÇöÓúãö ÊóÝúÖöíúá              

These nouns are used for comparison. Derived from the root word ÝÚá the word ÝÚíá means one who has the capacity to work. The forms ÇÝÚá ( masculine ) and ÝÚáì ( feminine ) show comparative capacity of doing more work, following examples throw more light.

 

       Comparative                               Comparative                                   Noun

          feminine                                      masculine

ÕóÛöíúÑñ                          ÇóÕúÛóÑõ                            ÕõÛúÑì     

      ßóÈöíúÑñ                            ÇóßúÈóÑõ                              ßõÈúÑì      

 

Comparative nouns do not have the prefix Çá or the signs   or  on the last alphabet.

 

12. NOUN OF MULTITUDE ÌóãóÚú ÊóßúËöíúÑ               

The noun is derived by suffixing Éñ to certain singular nouns

              Many trees ÔóÌóÑñ          ÔóÌóÑóÉñ              

 

13. RELATIVE NOUNS

When íñ is suffixed to certain nouns, the derived word conveys the sense of belonging to :

    Belonging to Arabia ÚóÑóÈñ                  ÚóÈóÈöíøñ             

    Belonging to India åöäúÏñ              åöäúÏöíøñ               

 

14. GENDER – MASCULINE , FEMININE

In most cases a feminine noun can be identified by the suffix Éñ

     Masculine ÚóÇáöãñ             ÓóÇÌöÏñ               ÚóÇÈöÏñ            

   Feminine ÚóÇáöãóÉñ            ÓóÇÌöÏóÉñ              ÚóÇÈöÏóÉñ             

 

When the masculine noun is the equivalent of the word ÇóÝúÚóáú its feminine is either ÝõÚúáì or ÝõÚúáÇÁõ

       Masculine                                                               Feminine

      ÝõÚúáì - ÝõÚúáÇÁõ                                           ÇóÝúÚóáõ    

 ÕõÛúÑì                                              ÇóÕúÛóÑõ      

 ÕóÝúÑóÇÁõ                                              ÇóÕúÝóÑõ      

There are some irregular forms which do not end in Éñ or Çì or ÇÁ yet they are considered feminine :

          Fire = äóÇÑñ            Earth = ÇóÑúÖñ              Sky = ÓóãóÇÁñ

 

15. NUMBER :- SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURAL

Dual ( for two things ): To convert singular to dual, Çöä is added at the end of the active noun, that is, subject ÝóÇÚöáñ and íóäö at the end of passive noun, that is, object ãóÝúÚõæúá . The alphabet just before Çóäö or íúäö is marked with the sign  and the last ä of the dual always has the sign  .

                                                     Singular                           Dual Active                            Dual Passive

Two eyes  Úóíúäóíúäö                         ÚóíúäóÇäö                       Úóíúäñ                        

Two hands      íóÏóíúäö                            íóÏóÇäö                         íóÏñ                     

Two learned women ÚóÇáöãóÊóíúäö                       ÚóÇáöãóÊóÇäö                    ÚóÇáöãóÉñ            

 

Plural has two kinds :

( 1 ) Sound plural - ÌóãóÚ ÓóÇáöãú

( 2 ) Broken plural – ÌóãóÚ ãõßóÓøóÑú

 

In sound plural ÌóãóÚ ÓóÇáöãú alphabets of the singular form remain in the same order. æä is added at the end of active noun subject ÝóÇÚöá and íúäó at the end of passive noun object ãóÝúÚõæúá . The letter before æ is marked with  for the active noun and the letter before í is marked with  for the passive noun. The last ä is marked with  . Feminine sound plural is made by adding ÇÊñ to active masculine noun and ÇÊò to passive masculine noun.

                                        Singular                                    Plural Active                                 Plural Passive

Masc. ÚóÇáöãöíúäó                            ÚóÇáöãõæúäó                            ÚóÇáöãñ                    

Fem. ÚóÇáöãóÇÊö                            ÚóÇáöãóÇÊñ                            ÚóÇáöãóÉñ                    

 

SUMMARY OF NUMBER, SING., DUAL AND

SOUND PLURAL

 

                                  MASCULINE                                                                       FEMININE

 

Active

ÝÇÚá

Passive

ãÝÚæá

Preposition

ÍÑÝ

Active

ÝÇÚá

Passive

ãÝÚæá

Preposition

ÍÑÝ

Sing.

ãõÓúáöãñ

ãõÓúáöãðÇ

ãõÓúáöãò

ãõÓúáöãóÉñ

ãõÓúáöãóÉð

ãõÓúáöãóÉò

Dual

ãõÓúáöãóÇäö

ãõÓúáöãóíúäö

 

ãõÓúáöãóÊóÇäö

ãõÓúáöãóÊóíúäö

 

Plu.

ãõÓúáöãõæúäó

ãõÓúáöãöíúäó

 

ãõÓúáöãóÇÊò

ãõÓúáöãóÇÊö

 

 

 In broken plural, the original form of the singular is changed by addition or removal of alphabets and changing the signs associated with the original alphabets.

     Singular                                Plural                                             Singular                               Plural

ÇóÞúáÇãñ                        Þóáóãñ                                 ßöÊóÇÈñ                        ßõÊõÈñ   

ÈõíõæúÊñ                      ÈóíúÊñ                                ÇóÑúÌõáñ                        ÑóÌõáñ   

ãóÓóÇÌöÏñ                    ãóÓúÌöÏñ                               ËöíóÇÈñ                        ËóæúÈñ   

 

 

CHAPTER – III

 

PRONOUNS ÖóãóÇÆöÑ 

 

A pronoun is a word used in place or instead of a noun.

If ÇöíøóÇ is prefixed to passive pronouns, it imparts the sense of only, ÇöíøóÇßó  )only you (, ÇöíøóÇäóÇ ( only we ).

 

NEAR

              3. Demonstrative Pronouns

 

 

ÇÓã ÇÔÇÑå

 

 

FAR

 

Masculine

 

Feminine

 

Masculine

 

Feminine

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

This

Those

All

This

These

All

That

Those

All

That

Those

All

 

Two

these

 

Two

those

 

Two

Those

 

Two

Those

åÐóÇ

åÐÇäö

åæõáÇóÁö

åÐöåö

åóÇÊóÇäö

åóæúáÇóÁö

Ðáößó

ÐóÇäößó

ÇõæáÇäößó

Êöáúßó

 ÊóÇäöß 

 ÇõæáÇäößó

 

åÐóíúäö

 

 

åóÇÊóíúäö

 

 

Ðóíúäößó

 

 

Êóíúäößó

 

 

 

4. Relative Pronouns

 

 

 

5. Introgative Pronouns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Who

Who

Who

Who

Who

Who

ãóäú

 

ãóÇ

 

 

 

 which

Which

two

Which

all

Which

 

Which

two

Which

all

 

 

 

 

 

 

ÇóáøóÐöíú

ÇóáøóÐóÇäö

ÇóáøóÐöíúäó

ÇóáøóÊöí

ÇóáøóÊóÇäö

ÇóáÇøóÊöí

who

 

what

which

 

 

 

 

ÇóáøóÐöíúäó

 

 

ÇóáøóÊóíúäö

ÇóáÇøóäöí

for

living

beings

 

for

inani-

mates

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

First Person

 

Second Person

 

Third Person

Gender

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

 

 

 

 

1. Personal Pronouns

 ÖóãöíúÑö ÔóÎúÕöíú

 

 

 

 

 

I

we too

 

you

you two

you all

He/She

They two

They all

M

ÇóäóÇ

äóÍúäõ

äóÍúäõ

ÇóäúÊó

ÇóäúÊõãóÇ

ÇóäúÊõãú

åõæó

åõãóÇ

åõãú

F

"

"

"

ÇóäúÊö

"

ÇóäúÊõäøó

åöíó

"

åõäú

 

 

2. Possessive Pronouns to be suffixedÖóãöíúÑö ÇöÖóÇÝöíú    

 

 

 

 

 

Mine

Ours two

Ours

Yours

Yours two

Yours all

His\Her

Their two

Theirs

M

í

äóÇ

äóÇ

ßó

ßõãóÇ

ßõãú

åõ

åõãóÇ

åõãú

F

"

"

"

ßö

"

ßõäøó

åóÇ

"

åõäøó

My fosterer  =

ÑóÈøöí

 Our Fosterer=

ÑóÈøóäóÇ

 

 Your heart =

ÞóáúÈößó

We provided  them =

ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú

 

 

 

CHAPTER – IV

VERB  ÝÚá

 

Verb is a word that indicates an action associated with past, present or future.

1. INTRANSITIVE VERB                                                 ÝÚá áÇ Òã

            It denotes an action by the subject which does not pass over to an object.

                           Hamid came                            ÌóÇÁó ÍóÇãöÏñ

 

2. TRANSITIVE VERB                                                   ÝÚá ãÊÚÏí

            This verb denotes an action which passes over from the doer or subject to an object.

                           I struck Hamid                  ÖóÑóÈúÊõ ÍóÇãöÏðÇ

 

3.a PAST TENSE ACTIVE VOICE                 ÝÚá ãÇÖí ãÚÑæÝ

            In this form of the verb, the first and the last alphabets of a three lettered root word have the sign  marked on them, while the sing on the central alphabet may change.

                             ÝóÊóÍó      ÓóãöÚó      ßóÑõãó

Different forms of first, second and third persons, masculine and feminine genders and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of past tense are as follows : S = Singular, D = Dual and P = Plural.

 

 

 

 

S

He killed.
ÞóÊóáó

 

Masculine

D

They two killed.

ÞóÊóáÇó

Third

 

P

They all killed.
ÞóÊóáõæúÇ

Person

 

S

She killed.

ÞóÊóáóÊú

 

Feminine

D

They two killed.

ÞóÊóáóÊóÇ

 

 

P

They all killed.

ÞóÊóáúäó

Second

 

S

You killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊó

Person

Masculine

D

You two killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊõãóÇ

 

 

P

You all killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊõãú

Second

Feminine

S

You killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊö

Person

 

D

You two killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊõãóÇ

 

 

P

You all killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊõäøó

First

Masculine or

S

I killed.

ÞóÊóáúÊõ

Person

Feminine

D/P

We killed.

ÞóÊóáúäóÇ

 

To make negative prefix                                   ãóÇ

He did not kill                                       ãóÇ ÞóÊóáó   

We did not kill                                  ãóÇ ÞóÊóáúäóÇ    

She did not kill                                 ãóÇ ÞóÊóáóÊú     

You two did not kill                              ãóÇ ÞóÊóáúÊõãóÇ

 

3.b PAST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE                   ÝÚá ãÇÖí ãÌåæá

            To obtain this form of the verb, the sign of the first alphabet of all the active verbs is changed to  and that of the second to  .

                       Passive                                                      Active

                ÐõåöÈó                                       ÐóåóÈó

           He was made to go                                              He went

                ÞõÊöáúäóÇ                                        ÞóÊóáúäóÇ

              We were killed                                                 We killed

 

To make negative prefix                      ãóÇ

You were not killed                    ãóÇ ÞõÊöáúÊõãú

He was not made to go               ãóÇ ÐõåöÈó

 

4. AORIST TENSE                                                     ÝÚá ãÖÇÑÚ  

            In Arabic language, present and future tense are represented by a single tense known as Aorist tense. These are some prefixes which sometime help in distinguishing present from future tense but mostly this verb represents both the tenses.

 

4.a AORIST TENSE, ACTIVE VOICE           ÝÚá ãÖÇÑÚ ãÚÑæÝ

            This form of the verb has as a prefix to the root word, one of the alphabets Ç Ê ä í marked with the sign  . The first alphabet of the root word is marked with the sign  and the last with the sign  , the central alphabet may have one of the three signs  ,  or  .

            Different forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons masculine and feminine genders, and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of Aorist tense are as follows :

 

 

 

S

He Kills / will kill.
íóÞúÊõáõ

 

Masculine

D

They two kill / will kill.

íóÞúÊõáÇóäö

Third

 

P

They all kill / will kill.

íóÞúÊõáõæúäó

Person

 

S

She kills / will kill

ËóÞúÊõáõ

 

Feminine

D

They two kill / will kill.

ËõÞúÊõáÇóäö

 

 

P

They all kill / will kill.

íóÞúÊõáúäó

 

 

S

You Kill / will kill.

ÊóÞúÊõáõ

 

Masculine

D

You two kill / will kill.

ÊóÞúÊõáÇóäö

Second

 

P

You all kill / will kill.

ÊóÞúÊõáõæúäó

Person

Feminine

S

You kill / will kill.

ÊóÞúÊõáöíúäó

 

 

D

You two kill / will kill.

ÊóÞúÊõáÇóäö

 

 

P

You all kill / will kill.

ÊóÞúÊõáúäó

First

Masculine or

S

I kill / will kill.

ÇóÞúÊõáõ

Person

Feminine

D/P

We kill / will kill.

äóÞúÊõáõ

 

 

 

To make negative Aorist tense active voice áÇó is prefixed :

           He does not / will not kill                         áÇó íóÞúÊõáõ

       We do not / will not kill                           áÇó äóÞúÊõáõ

 

4.b AORIST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE           ÝÚá ãÖÇÑÚ ãÌåæá

            To convert Aorist active to passive voice the sign  on the prefixed alphabets Ç Ê ä í is changed to  and the third alphabet is marked with the sign  .

                         Passive                                                                    Active

      He is killed / will be killed íõÞúÊóáõ                       He kills / will kill íóÞúÊõáõ  

 

5. OTHER FORMS OF PAST TENSE

a) Immediate past / present perfect : When ÞÏ is prefixed to past tense, we obtain present perfect tense.

                                    He has come out ÞóÏú ÎóÑóÌó                 

b) Past perfect : To obtain the form ßóÇäó is prefixed to the past tense, third person singular.

                                    He had written                              ßóÇäó ßóÊóÈó

For different genders, numbers and persons, derivatives of ßóÇäó  are used following the rules for past tense active voice detailed earlier. All the forms in that sequence are as follows :

 

 

FEMININE

 

 

MASCULINE

 

 

Person

P

D

S

P

D

S

Third

ßõäøó

ßóÇäóÊóÇ

ßóÇäóÊú

ßóÇäõæõÇ

ßóÇäóÇ

ßóÇäó

Second

ßõäúÊõäøó

ßõäúÊõãóÇ

ßõäúÊö

ßõäúÊõãú

ßõäúÊõãóÇ

ßõäúÊó

First

M

FSD

and P

 

ßõäøóÇ

ßõäúÊõ

 

and

 

 

 

 

 

 

c) Probability in Past : Prefixing áóÚóáøóäóÇ to the past tense imparts the sense of probability :

                                      Probably he has heard                 áóÚóáøóäóÇ ÓóãöÚó

d) Wishing in Past : Wishing to have done an action in the past, the word áóíúÊóãóÇ is prefixed to past tense :

                                    Wish I had guarded                 áóíúÊóãóÇ ÍóÝöÙúÊõ

e) Used to do : Prefixing the word ßóÇäó and its derivatives detailed above ( 5 b ), to the appropriate Aorist tense gives the sense of having used to do something.

                                   He used to worship                         ßóÇäó íóÚúÈõÏõ

                                   I used to open                                ßõäúÊõ ÇóÝúÊóÍõ

f) Negative Past : áóãú prefixed to aorist tense, converts it to negative past.

                                  He did not do                                     áóãú ÊóÝúÚóáõ

                                  We did not kill                                   áóãú äóÞúÊõáõ

 

6. OTHER FORMS OF AORIST TENSE

a) Present tense : áó prefixed to aorist tense active voice gives the sense of present tense.

                                  He kills                                                 áóíóÞúÊõáõ                    

b) Future tense : When the letter Óó is prefixed to an aorist tense, it gives the sense of near future and when the word   ÓóæúÝñis prefixed, it conveys the sense of distant future :

                                  He will help them ( in near future )ÓóíóäúÕõÑõåõãú

                                  He will go ( after some time )ÓóæúÝó íóÐúåóÈõ

c) Future certainity : When aorist tense is prefixed witháó  and suffixed withäøó  and the  on the last letter of the root word is changed to  the verb conveys the sense of definitely doing something in future.

                                  He will definitely doáóíóÝúÚóáóäøó

d) Future Negative : When isáóäú  prefixed to an aorist tense, it conveys the sense of never doing something in future.

                                  He will never doáóäú íóÝúÚóáõ

e) Should do :áö  Prefixed to an aorist tense conveys the tense of should do :

                                  He should doáöíóÝúÚóáö

f) Should not do :áÇó Prefixed to an aorist tense verb gives the tense of should not do :

                                  He should not do áÇó íóÝúÚóáõ

g) Will be : WhenÇÐÇ  is prefixed to past tense, it conveys the sense of will be done in future :

                                  When it will be opened  ÇÐÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú

h) Changes due to prefixes : Whená áóãøó áóãú Çöäú  andáÇ  are prefixed to the aorist tense, the last alphabet of those verbs which do not end inä  are to be marked by the sign íóÚúáóãõ = áóãú ÊóÚúáóãú  . For verbs which end inäö  thisä  is dropped ( except in feminine plural )íóÚúáóãóÇäö áóãøóÇ íóÚúáóãóÇ  . Whenáößóíú ßóíú áóäú Çóäú  are prefixed to aorist tense not endingä  in the last alphabet is marked with íóÚúáóãõ = Çóäú íøóÚúáóãó  . For verbs ending inä  thisä  is droppedíóÚúáóãóÇäö íóÚúáóãóÇ  .

 

7 a) Imperative mood ÇóãÑ

            Imperative mood ( ordering or asking someone to do something ) is obtained from aorist tense second person. First aorist tense alphabetÊ  in the beginning is removed, then if the central alphabet is marked by  or  the alphabetÇ  with the sign  is prefixed. If the central alphabet is marked with then prefixed alphabet is also marked with . In both cases the last alphabet is marked with the sign .

                         Imperative                Aorist               Imperative            Aorist

ÊóÝúÊóÍõ            ÇöÝúÊóÍú                ÊóÖúÑöÈõ            ÇöÖúÑöÈú                             

Imperative mood of different numbers and genders

                                                Feminine                              Masculine

Aorist      

ÇöÐúåóÈú      ÇöÐúåóÈóÇ      ÇöÐúåóÈõæúÇ      ÇöÐúåóÈöíú        ÇöÐúåóÈóÇ        ÇöÐúåóÈúäó               ÊóÐúåóÈõ 

For root alphabets that start withÇ  thisÇ  is dropped along with the alphabet of aorist tenseÊ  and then the last alphabet is marked with the sign .

                      Imperative                    Aorist                   Imperative                 Aorist

ÊóÇúßõáõ               ßõáú          ÊóÇãõÑõ          ãõÑú                 

( you ) order                                                                        ( you ) eat

 

7 b) Prohibitive äóåöí

            To obtain this form ( ordering or asking someone not to do something )áÇó  is prefixed to the aorist tense second person and the last alphabet is marked with the sign .

                                                    Feminine                                            Masculine

 

áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈú      áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈóÇ       áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈõæúÇ           áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈöíú        áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈóÇ          áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈúäó                     

 

7 c) Imperative and Prohibitive moods of first and third persons.

            These verbs are formed by prefixingáö  to the aorist verbs of first and third persons, the last alphabet being marked by the sign .

                   I should doáöÇóÝúÚóáú               

                   He should worshipáöíóÚúÈõÏú        

WhenÝ  oræ  are present as prefix then thisá  is marked with .

                    Then he should worshipÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏú                 

                     And I should bowæóáúÇóÓúÌõÏú                         

Prohibitive mood is obtained by prefixing the aorist first and third person verbs witháÇó  and marking the last alphabet with .

                   He should not playáÇó íóáúÚóÈú                    

                    We should not writeáÇó äóßúÊõÈú                 

These rules are followed for feminine gender and other numbers too.

 

8. DERIVATIVES OF TRILITERALSËóáÇóËöí ãóÒöíúÏö Ýöíúåö                  

            The word representing the third person singular in the past tense ( TPS P ) normally contains three letters :

                      He heardÓóãöÚó                   

                       He honouredßóÑõãó              

                       He openedÝóÊóÍó                 

These words are known as triliteralsËóáÇóËöËí ãõÌóÑøóÏú               

Addition of more alphabets to these trilateral verbs introduces a wide scope for additional meanings. Some important forms of these derived triliterals are listed below with examples of TP.S.P. of trilateral and their derivatives.

     Derived                   Triliteral                 Infinitive                       Form or Chapter

      TP.S.P.                     TP.S.P.

ÊóÝúÚöíúáñ                      ÊóÚúáöíúãñ                Úóáöãó                 Úóáøóãó    

ÇöÝúÚóÇáñ                     ÇöÍúÓóÇäñ              ÍóÓõäó               ÇóÍúÓóäó  

ãõÝóÇÚóáóÉñ                    ãõÌóÇåóÏóÉñ              ÌóåóÏó                ÌóÇåóÏó   

ÊóÝóÇÚõáñ                      ÊóßóÇËõÑñ                ßóËóÑó                 ÊóßóÇËóÑó  

ÊóÝóÚøõáñ                      ÊóÞóØøóÚñ                ÞóØóÚó                 ÊóÞóØøóÚó  

ÇöäúÝöÚóÇáñ                    ÇöäúÞöáÇóÈñ                ÞóáóÈó                ÇöäúÞóáóÈó  

ÇöÝúÊöÚóÇáñ                    ÇößúÊöÓóÇÈñ              ßóÓóÈó             ÇößúÊóÓóÈó  

ÇöÓúÊöÝúÚóÇáñ                  ÇöÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑñ              ÛóÝóÑó               ÇöÓúÊóÛúÝóÑó  

 

Some of the important changes these derivatives introduce are as follows :

1. Intransitive verb changes to transitive

                           He learned ( intransitive ) Úóáöãó       

                           He taught  ( transitive )Úóáøóãó           

2. In place of one, two objects are required

                       Zaid made Hamid read the bookÇóÞúÑóÃó ÒóíúÏñ ÍóÇãöÏðÇ ßóÊóÇÈðÇ             

3. Sense of intensity, excess of exaggeration is conveyed :

            He killed intensely or excessively ÞóÇÊóáó           

4. Repetition or step by step execution is indicated.

            He sent down repeatedly, step by step ÊóäóÒøóáó            

5. Absorption of a condition or action is shown :

           He got cut to pieces ÊóÞóØøóÚó                 

6. Absorption of a condition or action is shown :

           He got cut to piecesÇóÕúÈóÍó                  

7. Similar action by two persons/groups is shown.

           Came before one anotherÊóÞóÇÈóáó           

8. Competition is exhibited,

           One tried to overtake anotherÓóÇÈóÞó                  

9. Leaving off some work is shown :

          He gave up sleep ÊóåóÌøóÏó              

The derived triliterals are treated as root words and various other forms of verbs and infinitives are derived from them.

Derivatives of Úóáøóãó are

Úõáøöãó      íõÚóáøöãõ         íõÚóáøóãõ          Úóáøöãó      

áÇó ÊõÚóáøöãú    ãõÚóáøöãñ         ãõÚóáøóãñ         ÊóÚúáöíúãñ     

 

Four and five lettered verbs which are not very common have not been discussed here.

 

CHAPTER V

 

WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS

 

1. PREPOSITIONS

( Nos. given after words are chapter and verse nos. of the Quran )

 ãöäúfrom ( 16:67 ) : of ( 6:144 ); because of ( 28:73 ); among ( 3:75 ); during ( 50:40 ); any ( 3:62 ); according to

( 65:6 ); instead of ( 9:38 ); than ( 97:3 )

 

 áöto, for ( 2:284; 106:1 ); that ( he might become ) ( 28:8 ) let ( 65:7 ); on ( 17:107 ); about ( 10:77 )

 

 ãóÚówith : together

 

 Èöwith ( 2:63 ); during ( 17:79 ); in ( 15:46  ); for ( 5:45 ) by ( 38:82 ); from ( 76:6 )

 

 Êóused for oath ( 21:57 )

 

 Çöáìto, till, towards ( 17:1; 2:187 )

 

 Úóáìon; upon ( 23:22 ); over ( 2:47 ) at ( 28:15 ) under ( 20:39 ); on ( condition ) ( 18:66 )

 

 Ýöíin ( 11:108 ); about ( 14:10 ); into ( 15:29 ); on account of ( 60:9 ); respecting ( 2:176 ); with ( 12:82 ); compared to ( 13:26  ); concerning ( 4:176 )

 

 Úóäúabout ( 2:119 ); with ( 2:120 ); from ( 21:101 ) because ( 9:114 ); of ( 3:97 )

 

 ÍóÊøóìuntil, till, yet

 

2. CONJUNCTIONS

 Ýóthen; so; but; thus; however; because; so that

 

 æóand ( 36:27 ); with ( 10:71 ); or ( 3:111 ); so that ( 6:27 ) that is ( explaining the preceding word or sentence )

( 21:69 ); oath ( 103:1 ); although ( 6:42 ); when etc….

 

 Ëõãøóthen; again; moreover

 

 Çöãøó , Çóæú , Çóãúor; either

 

3. WORDS USED FOR QUESTIONS

 Çóíúäó, ÍóíúËõ- where;  áöãóÇÐóÇ, áöãó- why;  Çóäøì- where from;   ãóÇ- which, what;   ãóÊì - when;  Çóíøõ- who, whom;  ßóíúÝó- how;  åóá, Çó- is, what;  ßóãú- how many, how much

 

4. AFFIRMATIVE WORDS

 Èóáì- yes, why not;  äóÚóãú- yes;  Çöíú- yes, why not

 

5. NEGATIVE WORDS

 ãóÇ- No; not – is used for past tense. When it is used for aorist tense, it is normally associated with .

 

 áÇóis used for aorist tense meaning “No” or “Not”. When it is used for past tense, it is either associated with  or repeated.

 

 áóãúmeaning “No” is used for aorist tense but gives the tense of past negative.

 

áóäú meaning “Never” is used for future tense.

 

 ßóáÇøómeans “Surely not”

 

6. WORDS CONVEYING CONDITION

 áóæú- if;  Çöäú- if;  ÇöÐóÇ- when;  áóãøóÇ- not yet;  ßóíú- so that;  Çóäú- that

 

7. DIRECTIONAL WORDS

 æóÑóÇÁó- behind;  ÇóãóÇãó- in front;  ÞóÈúáó- before, earlier;  ÊóÍúÊó- below, beneath;  ÝóæúÞó- over, above, upon;  Ïõæúäö- besides, other than;  ÚöäúÏó- near, with;  ÈóÚúÏó- after;  ÇóãúÓö- yesterday;  Íóæúáó- around;  Èóíúäó- between, among;  Ëóãøó- then and there

 

8. OTHER PARTICLES

 ßó- as, like;  ÑõÈøóãóÇ- often;  Èóáú- but;  áóßöäøó, ßóáÇøó- but;  áóÚóáøó- so that; ßóÇóäøó - as if;  ÇöäøóãóÇ– only;  áóíúÊó- wish; - means “certainly”. It is used in the beginning of a sentence and is used in the same sense in the middle of the sentence. It also means “that”;  åóÇ, ÇóáÇó, ÇóãóÇ- beware;  ÇóãøóÇ- as for

 

 

CHAPTER VI

 

PHRASES AND SENTENCES

A group of two or more words is known as a  ãõÑóßøóÈú( compound ).

 

1. PHRASE : A group of words not giving complete sense is known as   ãõÑóßøóÈú äóÇÞöÕú( phrase ).

                           This boyåÐóÇ ÇáúæóáóÏõ                            

                           The straight pathÇóáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáãõÓúÊóÞöíúãõ      

There are two important types of phrases

a) adjective

b) possessive

 

In the adjective case quality or condition of the noun is described :

                          Hardworking boy ÇóáúæóáóÏõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóåöÏõ           

                          Sweet waterÇóáúãóÇÁó ÇáúÚóÐúÈõ                      

The first noun is known as ãóæúÕõæúÝ ( possessor of the quality ) and the second noun is  ÕöÝóÊú( adjective ).

 

In the possessive case, there is a possessive relationship between two nouns :

                               Allah’s book ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøåö               

                             Khalid’s houseÈóíúÊõ ÎóÇáöÏò                

The first noun is known as  ãõÖóÇÝú and the second  ãõÖóÇÝú Çöáóíúåö  .

 

2. SENTENCE : A group of words giving complete sense is known as  ãõÑóßøóÈö ÊóÇãú( sentence )

                     The Quran is the book of AllahÇóáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøåö                     

                     The servant opened the doorÝóÊóÍó ÇáúÎóÇÏöãõ ÇáÈóÇÈö                        

In Arabic language there are two kinds of sentences ÌõãúáóÉó ÇöÓúãöíóÉ ( sentence starting with noun ) and  ÌõãúáóÉ ÝöÚöáöíóÉ ( sentence starting with verb )

As example of the first kind :

               The boy is standingÇóáúæóáóÏõ ÞóÇÆöãñ                         

An example of the second kind can be obtained by reversing the order in the above sentence itself

                The boy is standingÞóÇãó ÇáúæóáóÏõ                       

 

InÌõãúáóÉ ÇöÓúãöíóÉ   the first noun is known as  ãõÈúÊóÏóÇÁ( subject ) and the second noun is  ÎóÈóÑú( predicate ).

InÌõãúáóÉ ÝöÚúáöíóÉ  the first word isãÓäÏ  ( predicate ) and the second isãÓäÏ Çáíå  ( subject ). ãÓäÏ Çáíå( subject ) is always a noun andãÓäÏ  ( predicate ) may be a noun or verb.

 

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