ÇöÞúÑóà æó ÑóÈøõßó ÇáÇóßúÑóãõ
ÇóáøóÐöì Úóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÞóáóãö
Úóáøóãó ÇáÇöäúÓóÇäó ãóÇáóã íóÚúáóãõ
Recite and your
Fosterer is Most Honourable.
Who taught with
the pen.
He taught man
that which he did not know.
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE HOLY
QURAN
In
our worldly life, for nominal financial and social benefits, we take pains even
in old age, to learn any language imposed on us. We spend hundreds and
thousands of rupees on private tuitions for our children, to make them understand
highly complicated subjects of Mathematics and Science, but when the problem of
understanding the Holy Quran is
posed, we are indifferent. Are we not answerable for this indifferent attitude
of ours? Yes! It is in response to this fear that this work has been prepared
so as to help the English knowing readers of the Holy Quran in learning basic
important rules of grammer used in the Holy Quran.
The
Holy Quran contains 1800 and odd basic root words which have been repeated in a
variety of grammatic forms. Some of these words convey more than one meaning.
All these words add up to 2000 and odd. If one learns the meanings of these
2000 and odd words and the grammatic rules to use them correctly in framing
sentences, then, Insha Allah, in due course of time, he may be able to
understand nearly the whole of the Holy Quran without the help of any
translation and he may also be able to offer his Salat knowing the meaning of
every word he recites. Aren’t these great temptations to understand, memorise
and digest this small book?
May Allah help us, in fulfilling this desire with the sole aim of practically implementing all that we understand, and there by achieve success and happiness in this world and in the hereafter. Ameen.
CONTENTS
ELEMENTARY GRAMMER / PRONOUNS & WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS
NOUN ÇöÓúãñ
Noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Following varieties of nouns deserve our attention.
PRONOUNS
VERB ÝóÚóá
Verb is a word that
indicates an action associated with past, present or future.
WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS
A group of two or more words is know as a ãõÑóßøóÈ ( compound ).
In Arabic language, most of
the Nouns and Verbs are derived from words normally consisting of a minimum of
3 alphabets like
He worshipped
He did
The meaning, gender, number, tense etc. of any root word can be altered, by adding appropriate alphabets in the beginning, middle or at the end and also by changing the signs above and below each alphabets.
I murder ÇóÞúÊõáõ
Murderer ÞóÇÊöáñ
We murdered ÞóÊóáúäóÇ
He murdered ÞóÊóáó
He was murdered ÞõÊöáó
Thus
from a single 3 lettered root word numerous other words can be derived but the
basic meaning of the root words is normally retained in some form or the other.
There
are 8 signs which are marked above or below an alphabet to produce sounds shown
below :
u, as in who
a,
as in far
e,
as in seen
un
, as in dhun
an, as in run
in
, as in pin.
or are
used for abrupt stop, as in “cut” ÝóÚóáóÊú for
repeating the sound of an alphabet as in running, Çáøáå . Nouns can be
identified by the prefix Çóáú as in ÇóáÑøóÍúãóÇäõ or in the signs , or on the
last alphabet of a world ÒóíúÏñ
, äóÇÕöÑðÇ or ÍóÇãöÏò . A verb can be identified when it is
prefixed by ÞóÏú ,
áó ,
ÓóæúÝó
or Óó and by the sign on
the last alphabet.
Past tense
He has killed ÞóÏúÞóÊóáó
Present tense
He knows íóÚúáóãõ
Future tense
He will strike ÓóíóÖúÑöÈõ
Future tense
You will know ÓóæúÝó
ÊóÚúáóãõæúäó
Order
( you ) kill
ÇõÞúÊõáú
The number of alphabets and their signs in the case of the preposition used for joining nouns and verbs are fixed :
from
= ãöäú over
= Úóáì
in = Ýöíú
The
three lettered word ÝóÚóáó
meaning ‘to work’, is usually selected to demonstrate the changes that
can be brought about in the meaning, gender, tense etc. of a root word by
altering the signs of and increasing the number of alphabets : works = ÇóÝúÚóÇáñ
You ( will ) work = ÊóÝúÚóáõ
one
who works = ÝóÇÚöáñ
work = ÝóÚúáñ
When the root words contains
the vowels í
or æ
or Ç
then along with the signs some of the letters too are changed or even dropped.
In the case of the root word Þóæúáñ instead of writing Þóæúáó for the third person singular past
tense, it is written as ÞóÇáó
that is æ
is replaced by Ç . In the case of the root letter æ Þ í for the imparative
form, only one letter is used Þö meaning “Guard” as in ÞöäóÇ ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáäøóÇÑö
( guard or save us from the punishment of fire )
Noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Following varieties of nouns deserve our attention.
1. INFLEXIBLE
NOUN ÇöÓúãö ÌóÇãöÏú
A noun which has not been derived from an infinitive :
Elephant = Ýöíúáñ
Horse = ÝóÑóÓñ
A noun that has been derived from an infinitive and from which other words are derived :
( Infinitive ) To
murder
=
ÞóÊóáó
( Noun ) Murder =
ÞóÊúáñ
( Derived subject ) Murderer
=
ÞóÇÊöáñ
( Derived object ) one who is
murdered =
ãóÞúÊõæúáñ
These nouns refer to Classes or groups of things :
Star =
äóÌúãñ
House
= ÈóíúÊñ
4. PROPER NOUN ÇöÓúãö ãóÚúÑöÝóå
These nouns refer to particular persons, places or things
like : ãóßøóÉñ ¡ ÍóÇãöÏñ
When the alphabets Çóáú are prefixed to a common noun, it gets converted to a proper noun, imparting the meaning of the English article “THE”
The Star ÇóáäøóÌúãõ
The House ÇóáúÈóíúÊõ
The noun in subjective case ( active ) ends in Hamid became ÌóÇÁó ÍóÇãöÏñ . The noun is objective case
( passive ) ends in I struck Hamid ÖóÑóÈóÊõ ÍóÇãöÏðÇ . The noun which is preceded by a preposition end in I went towards Hamid ÐóåóÈóÊõ Åáì ÍóÇãöÏò .
In case the noun is prefixed with Çóáú then the last alphabet will be marked by respectively instead of .
5. ACTIVE NOUN – SUBJECT ÝóÇÚöáú
This noun is derived from the root word by adding Ç after the first alphabet and marking the sign on the central alphabet.
ÝóÊóÍó
- ÝóÇÊöÍñ
äóÕóÑó - äóÇÕöÑñ
One who helps One who opens
6. PASSIVE NOUN – OBJECT ãóÝúÚõæúáñ
This noun is derived from the root word by prefixing ãó and inserting æ between the second and third letters. The central alphabet is marked with the sign .
ÝóÊóÍó - ãóÝúÊõæúÍñ
äóÕóÑó - ãóäúÕõæúÑñ
One who is helped one that is opened
7. NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME ÇÓã ÖÑÝ æ ãßÇä æ ÒãÇä
The noun has ã with sign prefixed to the root word. The central alphabet has the sign if the Aorist verb ÝöÚúáö ãõÖóÇÑöÚú has or on the central alphabet of the root word. The central alphabet will have marked on it, if the central alphabet of the Aorist verb also has marked on it.
Name of Place / Time Aorist
Verb
Opening ãóÝúÊõæúÍñ íóÝúÊóÍõ
Helping ãóäúÕóÑñ íóäúÕõÑõ
Sitting ãóÌúáöÓñ íóÌúáöÓõ
( Exceptions to the rule )
íóÔúÑóÞõ
ãóÔúÑöÞõ
íóÓúÌõÏõ
ãóÓúÌöÏõ
íõÕóáøöí
ãõÕóáøì
8. NOUN OF THE INSTRUMENT ÇöÓúã Âáå
Names of working instruments. There are three forms
Plough ãöÝúÚóáñ
ãöÍúÑóËñ
( Í Ñ Ë )
Key ãöÝúÚóÇáñ
ãóÝúÊóÇÍñ
( Ý Ê Í )
Fan ãöÝúÚóáóÉñ
ãöÑúæóÍóÉñ
( Ñ æ Í )
These words indicate qualities or attributes of nouns. In some cases, after the second alphabet of the root word, one of the vowels æ, í or Ç is added as follows :
Good ( Ô Ñ Ý )
ÔóÑöíúÝñ
Dignified ( æ Þ Ñ )
æóÞõæúÑñ
Brave
( Ô Ì Ú )
ÔõÌóÇÚñ
Following forms are also used
Difficult ÝóÚúáñ
ÕóÚúÈñ
Beautiful ÝóÚóáñ
ÍóÓóäñ
Hard ÝõÚúáñ
ÕõáúÈñ
Very happy ÝóÚöáñ
ÝóÑöÍñ
Beneficent ÝóÚúáÇäñ
ÑóÍúãóÇäñ
10. NOUNS OF EXAGGERATION ÇöÓúã ãõÈóÇáöÛóå
To express an excess of some quality, following terms of the root word ÝÚá are used.
Very cautious ÝóÚöáñ
ÍóÐöÑñ
Very merciful ÝóÚöíúáñ
ÑóÍöíúãñ
Heavy eater ÝóÚõæúáñ
Çóßõæúáñ
Very learned ÝóÚøóÇáñ
ÚóáÇøãñ
Very elderly ÝõÚøóÇáñ
ßõÈøóÇÑñ
Very truthful ÝöÚøöíúáñ
ÕöÏøöíúÞñ
Cutter ãöÝúÚóáñ
ãöÌúÒóãñ
Great bestower ãöÝúÚóÇáñ
ãöäúÚóÇãñ
Very poor ãöÝúÚöíúáñ
ãöÓúßöíúäñ
Very peculiar ÝõÚóÇáñ
ÚõÌóÇÈñ
Great differentiator ÝóÇÚõæúáñ
ÝóÇÑõæúÞñ
One who laughs ÝõÚúáóÉñ
ÖõÍúßóÉñ
Established one ÝóÚøõæúáñ
Þóíøõæúãñ
Very holy ÝõÚøõæúáñ
ÞõÏøõæúÓñ
One who finds excuses ÝõÚøóáñ
ÞõáøóÈñ
11. COMPARATIVE NOUN ÇöÓúãö ÊóÝúÖöíúá
These nouns are used for comparison. Derived from the root word ÝÚá the word ÝÚíá means one who has the capacity to work. The forms ÇÝÚá ( masculine ) and ÝÚáì ( feminine ) show comparative capacity of doing more work, following examples throw more light.
Comparative Comparative Noun
feminine
masculine
ÕóÛöíúÑñ
ÇóÕúÛóÑõ
ÕõÛúÑì
ßóÈöíúÑñ
ÇóßúÈóÑõ
ßõÈúÑì
Comparative nouns do not have the prefix Çá or the signs or on the last alphabet.
12. NOUN OF MULTITUDE ÌóãóÚú ÊóßúËöíúÑ
The noun is derived by suffixing Éñ to certain singular nouns
Many trees ÔóÌóÑñ ÔóÌóÑóÉñ
When íñ is suffixed to certain nouns, the derived word conveys the sense of belonging to :
Belonging to Arabia ÚóÑóÈñ ÚóÈóÈöíøñ
Belonging to India åöäúÏñ åöäúÏöíøñ
14. GENDER – MASCULINE , FEMININE
In most cases a feminine noun can be identified by the
suffix Éñ
Masculine ÚóÇáöãñ
ÓóÇÌöÏñ
ÚóÇÈöÏñ
Feminine ÚóÇáöãóÉñ
ÓóÇÌöÏóÉñ
ÚóÇÈöÏóÉñ
When the masculine noun is the equivalent of the word ÇóÝúÚóáú its feminine is either ÝõÚúáì
or ÝõÚúáÇÁõ
Masculine Feminine
ÝõÚúáì - ÝõÚúáÇÁõ
ÇóÝúÚóáõ
ÕõÛúÑì
ÇóÕúÛóÑõ
ÕóÝúÑóÇÁõ
ÇóÕúÝóÑõ
There are some irregular forms which do not end in Éñ or Çì or ÇÁ yet they are considered feminine :
Fire = äóÇÑñ Earth
= ÇóÑúÖñ Sky = ÓóãóÇÁñ
15. NUMBER :- SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURAL
Dual ( for two things ): To convert singular to dual, Çöä is added at the end of the active noun, that is, subject ÝóÇÚöáñ and íóäö at the end of passive noun, that is, object ãóÝúÚõæúá . The alphabet just before Çóäö or íúäö is marked with the sign and the last ä of the dual always has the sign .
Singular Dual Active Dual Passive
Two eyes Úóíúäóíúäö
ÚóíúäóÇäö
Úóíúäñ
Two hands íóÏóíúäö
íóÏóÇäö íóÏñ
Two learned women ÚóÇáöãóÊóíúäö
ÚóÇáöãóÊóÇäö
ÚóÇáöãóÉñ
Plural has two kinds :
( 1 ) Sound plural - ÌóãóÚ ÓóÇáöãú
( 2 ) Broken plural – ÌóãóÚ ãõßóÓøóÑú
In sound plural ÌóãóÚ ÓóÇáöãú alphabets of the singular form remain in the same order. æä is added at the end of active noun subject ÝóÇÚöá and íúäó at the end of passive noun object ãóÝúÚõæúá . The letter before æ is marked with for the active noun and the letter before í is marked with for the passive noun. The last ä is marked with . Feminine sound plural is made by adding ÇÊñ to active masculine noun and ÇÊò to passive masculine noun.
Singular
Plural
Active Plural
Passive
Masc. ÚóÇáöãöíúäó
ÚóÇáöãõæúäó
ÚóÇáöãñ
Fem. ÚóÇáöãóÇÊö
ÚóÇáöãóÇÊñ
ÚóÇáöãóÉñ
SUMMARY OF
NUMBER, SING., DUAL AND
SOUND PLURAL
MASCULINE FEMININE
|
Active ÝÇÚá |
Passive ãÝÚæá |
Preposition ÍÑÝ |
Active ÝÇÚá |
Passive ãÝÚæá |
Preposition ÍÑÝ |
Sing. |
ãõÓúáöãñ |
ãõÓúáöãðÇ |
ãõÓúáöãò |
ãõÓúáöãóÉñ |
ãõÓúáöãóÉð |
ãõÓúáöãóÉò |
Dual |
ãõÓúáöãóÇäö |
ãõÓúáöãóíúäö |
|
ãõÓúáöãóÊóÇäö |
ãõÓúáöãóÊóíúäö |
|
Plu. |
ãõÓúáöãõæúäó |
ãõÓúáöãöíúäó |
|
ãõÓúáöãóÇÊò |
ãõÓúáöãóÇÊö |
|
In broken plural, the original form of the singular is changed by addition or removal of alphabets and changing the signs associated with the original alphabets.
Singular Plural
Singular
Plural
ÇóÞúáÇãñ
Þóáóãñ ßöÊóÇÈñ
ßõÊõÈñ
ÈõíõæúÊñ
ÈóíúÊñ
ÇóÑúÌõáñ
ÑóÌõáñ
ãóÓóÇÌöÏñ
ãóÓúÌöÏñ
ËöíóÇÈñ
ËóæúÈñ
CHAPTER – III
A pronoun is a word used in place or instead of a noun.
If ÇöíøóÇ is prefixed to passive pronouns, it imparts the sense of only, ÇöíøóÇßó )only you (, ÇöíøóÇäóÇ ( only we ).
NEAR |
3. Demonstrative Pronouns |
|
|
ÇÓã ÇÔÇÑå
|
|
|
FAR |
||||
|
Masculine |
|
Feminine |
|
Masculine |
|
Feminine |
||||
S |
D |
P |
S |
D |
P |
S |
D |
P |
S |
D |
P |
This |
Those |
All |
This |
These |
All |
That |
Those |
All |
That |
Those |
All |
|
Two |
these |
|
Two |
those |
|
Two |
Those |
|
Two |
Those |
åÐóÇ |
åÐÇäö |
åæõáÇóÁö |
åÐöåö |
åóÇÊóÇäö |
åóæúáÇóÁö |
Ðáößó |
ÐóÇäößó |
ÇõæáÇäößó |
Êöáúßó |
ÊóÇäöß |
ÇõæáÇäößó |
|
åÐóíúäö |
|
|
åóÇÊóíúäö |
|
|
Ðóíúäößó |
|
|
Êóíúäößó |
|
|
|
4.
Relative Pronouns |
|
|
|
5.
Introgative Pronouns |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Who |
Who |
Who |
Who |
Who |
Who |
ãóäú |
|
ãóÇ |
|
|
|
which |
Which two |
Which all |
Which |
Which two |
Which all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ÇóáøóÐöíú |
ÇóáøóÐóÇäö |
ÇóáøóÐöíúäó |
ÇóáøóÊöí |
ÇóáøóÊóÇäö |
ÇóáÇøóÊöí |
who |
|
what which |
|
|
|
|
ÇóáøóÐöíúäó |
|
|
ÇóáøóÊóíúäö |
ÇóáÇøóäöí |
for living beings |
|
for inani- mates |
|
|
|
|
|
First Person |
|
Second
Person |
|
Third
Person |
|||
Gender |
S |
D |
P |
S |
D |
P |
S |
D |
P |
|
|
|
|
1. Personal Pronouns |
ÖóãöíúÑö ÔóÎúÕöíú |
|
|
|
|
|
I |
we too |
|
you |
you two |
you all |
He/She |
They two |
They all |
M |
ÇóäóÇ |
äóÍúäõ |
äóÍúäõ |
ÇóäúÊó |
ÇóäúÊõãóÇ |
ÇóäúÊõãú |
åõæó |
åõãóÇ |
åõãú |
F |
" |
" |
" |
ÇóäúÊö |
" |
ÇóäúÊõäøó |
åöíó |
" |
åõäú |
|
|
2. Possessive Pronouns to be
suffixedÖóãöíúÑö
ÇöÖóÇÝöíú |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Mine |
Ours two |
Ours |
Yours |
Yours
two |
Yours all |
His\Her |
Their two |
Theirs |
M |
í |
äóÇ |
äóÇ |
ßó |
ßõãóÇ |
ßõãú |
åõ |
åõãóÇ |
åõãú |
F |
" |
" |
" |
ßö |
" |
ßõäøó |
åóÇ |
" |
åõäøó |
My fosterer = |
ÑóÈøöí |
Our Fosterer= |
ÑóÈøóäóÇ |
|
Your heart = |
ÞóáúÈößó |
We provided them = |
ÑóÒóÞúäóÇåõãú |
|
CHAPTER – IV
Verb is a word that indicates an action associated with past, present or future.
1. INTRANSITIVE VERB
ÝÚá áÇ Òã
It denotes an action by the subject which does not pass over to an object.
Hamid came
ÌóÇÁó ÍóÇãöÏñ
This verb denotes an action which passes over from the doer or subject to an object.
I struck Hamid
ÖóÑóÈúÊõ ÍóÇãöÏðÇ
3.a PAST TENSE ACTIVE VOICE
ÝÚá ãÇÖí ãÚÑæÝ
In this form of the verb, the first and the last alphabets of a three lettered root word have the sign marked on them, while the sing on the central alphabet may change.
ÝóÊóÍó ÓóãöÚó ßóÑõãó
Different forms of first, second and third persons, masculine and feminine genders and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of past tense are as follows : S = Singular, D = Dual and P = Plural.
|
|
S |
He killed. |
ÞóÊóáó
|
|
Masculine |
D |
They two killed. |
ÞóÊóáÇó |
Third |
|
P |
They all killed. |
ÞóÊóáõæúÇ
|
Person |
|
S |
She killed. |
ÞóÊóáóÊú |
|
Feminine |
D |
They two killed. |
ÞóÊóáóÊóÇ |
|
|
P |
They all killed. |
ÞóÊóáúäó |
Second |
|
S |
You killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊó |
Person |
Masculine |
D |
You two killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊõãóÇ |
|
|
P |
You all killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊõãú |
Second |
Feminine |
S |
You killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊö |
Person |
|
D |
You two killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊõãóÇ |
|
|
P |
You all killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊõäøó |
First |
Masculine or |
S |
I killed. |
ÞóÊóáúÊõ |
Person |
Feminine |
D/P |
We killed. |
ÞóÊóáúäóÇ |
To make negative prefix
ãóÇ
He did not kill
ãóÇ ÞóÊóáó
We did not kill
ãóÇ ÞóÊóáúäóÇ
She did not kill
ãóÇ
ÞóÊóáóÊú
You two did not kill
ãóÇ ÞóÊóáúÊõãóÇ
3.b PAST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE
ÝÚá ãÇÖí ãÌåæá
To obtain this form of the verb, the sign of the first alphabet of all the active verbs is changed to and that of the second to .
Passive
Active
ÐõåöÈó
ÐóåóÈó
He was made to go He went
ÞõÊöáúäóÇ
ÞóÊóáúäóÇ
We were killed We killed
To make negative prefix
ãóÇ
You were not killed
ãóÇ ÞõÊöáúÊõãú
He was not made to go ãóÇ ÐõåöÈó
In Arabic language, present and future tense are represented by a single tense known as Aorist tense. These are some prefixes which sometime help in distinguishing present from future tense but mostly this verb represents both the tenses.
4.a AORIST TENSE, ACTIVE VOICE ÝÚá ãÖÇÑÚ ãÚÑæÝ
This form of the verb has as a prefix to the root word, one of the alphabets Ç Ê ä í marked with the sign . The first alphabet of the root word is marked with the sign and the last with the sign , the central alphabet may have one of the three signs , or .
Different forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons masculine and feminine genders, and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of Aorist tense are as follows :
|
|
S |
He Kills / will kill. |
íóÞúÊõáõ
|
|
Masculine |
D |
They two kill / will kill. |
íóÞúÊõáÇóäö |
Third |
|
P |
They all kill / will kill. |
íóÞúÊõáõæúäó |
Person |
|
S |
She kills / will kill |
ËóÞúÊõáõ |
|
Feminine |
D |
They two kill / will kill. |
ËõÞúÊõáÇóäö |
|
|
P |
They all kill / will kill. |
íóÞúÊõáúäó |
|
|
S |
You Kill / will kill. |
ÊóÞúÊõáõ |
|
Masculine |
D |
You two kill / will kill. |
ÊóÞúÊõáÇóäö |
Second |
|
P |
You all kill / will kill. |
ÊóÞúÊõáõæúäó |
Person |
Feminine |
S |
You kill / will kill. |
ÊóÞúÊõáöíúäó |
|
|
D |
You two kill / will kill. |
ÊóÞúÊõáÇóäö |
|
|
P |
You all kill / will kill. |
ÊóÞúÊõáúäó |
First |
Masculine or |
S |
I kill / will kill. |
ÇóÞúÊõáõ |
Person |
Feminine |
D/P |
We kill / will kill. |
äóÞúÊõáõ |
To make negative Aorist tense active voice áÇó is prefixed :
He does
not / will not kill
áÇó íóÞúÊõáõ
We do not / will not
kill
áÇó äóÞúÊõáõ
4.b AORIST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE ÝÚá ãÖÇÑÚ ãÌåæá
To convert Aorist active to passive voice the sign on the prefixed alphabets Ç Ê ä í is changed to and the third alphabet is marked with the sign .
Passive
Active
He is killed /
will be killed íõÞúÊóáõ He
kills / will kill íóÞúÊõáõ
a) Immediate past / present perfect : When ÞÏ is prefixed to past tense, we obtain
present perfect tense.
He
has come out ÞóÏú ÎóÑóÌó
b) Past perfect : To obtain the form ßóÇäó is prefixed to the past tense, third person singular.
He had written
ßóÇäó
ßóÊóÈó
For different genders, numbers and persons, derivatives of ßóÇäó are used following the rules for past tense active voice detailed earlier. All the forms in that sequence are as follows :
|
FEMININE |
|
|
MASCULINE |
|
|
Person |
P |
D |
S |
P |
D |
S |
Third |
ßõäøó |
ßóÇäóÊóÇ |
ßóÇäóÊú |
ßóÇäõæõÇ |
ßóÇäóÇ |
ßóÇäó |
Second |
ßõäúÊõäøó |
ßõäúÊõãóÇ |
ßõäúÊö |
ßõäúÊõãú |
ßõäúÊõãóÇ |
ßõäúÊó |
First |
M |
FSD |
and P |
|
ßõäøóÇ |
ßõäúÊõ |
|
and |
|
|
|
|
|
c) Probability in Past : Prefixing áóÚóáøóäóÇ to the past tense imparts the sense of probability :
Probably he has heard
áóÚóáøóäóÇ ÓóãöÚó
d) Wishing in Past : Wishing to have done an action in the past, the word áóíúÊóãóÇ is prefixed to past tense :
Wish I had guarded áóíúÊóãóÇ ÍóÝöÙúÊõ
e) Used to do : Prefixing the word ßóÇäó and its derivatives detailed above ( 5 b ), to the appropriate Aorist tense gives the sense of having used to do something.
He used to worship
ßóÇäó íóÚúÈõÏõ
I used to open
ßõäúÊõ ÇóÝúÊóÍõ
f) Negative Past : áóãú prefixed to aorist tense, converts it to negative past.
He did not do
áóãú ÊóÝúÚóáõ
We did not kill
áóãú äóÞúÊõáõ
6. OTHER FORMS OF AORIST TENSE
a) Present tense : áó prefixed to aorist tense active voice gives the sense of present tense.
He kills
áóíóÞúÊõáõ
b) Future tense : When the letter Óó is prefixed to an aorist tense, it gives the sense of near future and when the word ÓóæúÝñis prefixed, it conveys the sense of distant future :
He will help them ( in near future )ÓóíóäúÕõÑõåõãú
He will go ( after some time )ÓóæúÝó íóÐúåóÈõ
c) Future certainity : When aorist tense is prefixed witháó and suffixed withäøó and the on the last letter of the root word is changed to the verb conveys the sense of definitely doing something in future.
He will definitely doáóíóÝúÚóáóäøó
d) Future Negative : When isáóäú prefixed to an aorist tense, it conveys the sense of never doing something in future.
He will never doáóäú íóÝúÚóáõ
e) Should do :áö Prefixed to an aorist tense conveys the tense of should do :
He should doáöíóÝúÚóáö
f) Should not do :áÇó Prefixed to an aorist tense verb gives the tense of should not do :
He should not do áÇó íóÝúÚóáõ
g) Will be : WhenÇÐÇ is prefixed to past tense, it conveys the sense of will be done in future :
When it will be opened ÇÐÇ ÝõÊöÍóÊú
h) Changes due to prefixes : Whená áóãøó áóãú Çöäú andáÇ are prefixed to the aorist tense, the last alphabet of those verbs which do not end inä are to be marked by the sign íóÚúáóãõ = áóãú ÊóÚúáóãú . For verbs which end inäö thisä is dropped ( except in feminine plural )íóÚúáóãóÇäö áóãøóÇ íóÚúáóãóÇ . Whenáößóíú ßóíú áóäú Çóäú are prefixed to aorist tense not endingä in the last alphabet is marked with íóÚúáóãõ = Çóäú íøóÚúáóãó . For verbs ending inä thisä is droppedíóÚúáóãóÇäö íóÚúáóãóÇ .
Imperative mood ( ordering or asking someone to do something ) is obtained from aorist tense second person. First aorist tense alphabetÊ in the beginning is removed, then if the central alphabet is marked by or the alphabetÇ with the sign is prefixed. If the central alphabet is marked with then prefixed alphabet is also marked with . In both cases the last alphabet is marked with the sign .
Imperative Aorist Imperative Aorist
ÊóÝúÊóÍõ ÇöÝúÊóÍú ÊóÖúÑöÈõ ÇöÖúÑöÈú
Imperative mood of different numbers and genders
Feminine Masculine
Aorist
ÇöÐúåóÈú ÇöÐúåóÈóÇ ÇöÐúåóÈõæúÇ ÇöÐúåóÈöíú ÇöÐúåóÈóÇ ÇöÐúåóÈúäó ÊóÐúåóÈõ
For root alphabets that start withÇ thisÇ is dropped along with the alphabet of aorist tenseÊ and then the last alphabet is marked with the sign .
Imperative Aorist Imperative Aorist
ÊóÇúßõáõ ßõáú ÊóÇãõÑõ ãõÑú
( you ) order ( you ) eat
To obtain this form ( ordering or asking someone not to do something )áÇó is prefixed to the aorist tense second person and the last alphabet is marked with the sign .
Feminine Masculine
áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈú áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈóÇ áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈõæúÇ áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈöíú áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈóÇ áÇó ÊóÐúåóÈúäó
7 c) Imperative and Prohibitive moods
of first and third persons.
These verbs are formed by prefixingáö to the aorist verbs of first and third persons, the last alphabet being marked by the sign .
I should doáöÇóÝúÚóáú
He should worshipáöíóÚúÈõÏú
WhenÝ oræ are present as prefix then thisá is marked with .
Then he should worshipÝóáúíóÚúÈõÏú
And I should bowæóáúÇóÓúÌõÏú
Prohibitive mood is obtained by prefixing the aorist first and third person verbs witháÇó and marking the last alphabet with .
He should not playáÇó íóáúÚóÈú
We should not writeáÇó äóßúÊõÈú
These rules are followed for feminine gender and other numbers too.
8. DERIVATIVES OF TRILITERALSËóáÇóËöí ãóÒöíúÏö Ýöíúåö
The word representing the third person singular in the past tense ( TPS P ) normally contains three letters :
He heardÓóãöÚó
He honouredßóÑõãó
He openedÝóÊóÍó
These words are known as triliteralsËóáÇóËöËí ãõÌóÑøóÏú
Addition of more alphabets to these trilateral verbs introduces a wide scope for additional meanings. Some important forms of these derived triliterals are listed below with examples of TP.S.P. of trilateral and their derivatives.
Derived Triliteral Infinitive Form or Chapter
TP.S.P. TP.S.P.
ÊóÝúÚöíúáñ
ÊóÚúáöíúãñ
Úóáöãó
Úóáøóãó
ÇöÝúÚóÇáñ ÇöÍúÓóÇäñ
ÍóÓõäó
ÇóÍúÓóäó
ãõÝóÇÚóáóÉñ
ãõÌóÇåóÏóÉñ
ÌóåóÏó
ÌóÇåóÏó
ÊóÝóÇÚõáñ
ÊóßóÇËõÑñ
ßóËóÑó
ÊóßóÇËóÑó
ÊóÝóÚøõáñ
ÊóÞóØøóÚñ
ÞóØóÚó
ÊóÞóØøóÚó
ÇöäúÝöÚóÇáñ
ÇöäúÞöáÇóÈñ
ÞóáóÈó
ÇöäúÞóáóÈó
ÇöÝúÊöÚóÇáñ
ÇößúÊöÓóÇÈñ
ßóÓóÈó ÇößúÊóÓóÈó
ÇöÓúÊöÝúÚóÇáñ ÇöÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑñ ÛóÝóÑó ÇöÓúÊóÛúÝóÑó
Some of the important changes these derivatives introduce are as follows :
1. Intransitive verb changes to transitive
He learned ( intransitive ) Úóáöãó
He taught ( transitive )Úóáøóãó
2. In place of one, two objects are required
Zaid made Hamid read the bookÇóÞúÑóÃó ÒóíúÏñ ÍóÇãöÏðÇ ßóÊóÇÈðÇ
3. Sense of intensity, excess of exaggeration is conveyed :
He killed intensely or excessively ÞóÇÊóáó
4. Repetition or step by step execution is indicated.
He sent down repeatedly, step by step ÊóäóÒøóáó
5. Absorption of a condition or action is shown :
He got cut to pieces ÊóÞóØøóÚó
6. Absorption of a condition or action is shown :
He got cut to piecesÇóÕúÈóÍó
7. Similar action by two persons/groups is shown.
Came before one anotherÊóÞóÇÈóáó
8. Competition is exhibited,
One tried to overtake anotherÓóÇÈóÞó
9. Leaving off some work is shown :
He gave up sleep ÊóåóÌøóÏó
The derived triliterals are treated as root words and various other forms of verbs and infinitives are derived from them.
Derivatives of Úóáøóãó are
Úõáøöãó íõÚóáøöãõ
íõÚóáøóãõ Úóáøöãó
áÇó ÊõÚóáøöãú ãõÚóáøöãñ
ãõÚóáøóãñ ÊóÚúáöíúãñ
Four and five lettered verbs which are not very common have not been discussed here.
CHAPTER V
WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS
( Nos. given after words are chapter and verse nos. of the Quran )
ãöäúfrom ( 16:67 ) : of ( 6:144 ); because of ( 28:73 ); among ( 3:75 ); during ( 50:40 ); any ( 3:62 ); according to
( 65:6 ); instead of ( 9:38 ); than ( 97:3 )
áöto, for ( 2:284; 106:1 ); that ( he might become ) ( 28:8 ) let ( 65:7 ); on ( 17:107 ); about ( 10:77 )
ãóÚówith : together
Èöwith ( 2:63 ); during ( 17:79 ); in ( 15:46 ); for ( 5:45 ) by ( 38:82 ); from ( 76:6 )
Êóused for oath ( 21:57 )
Çöáìto, till, towards ( 17:1; 2:187 )
Úóáìon; upon ( 23:22 ); over ( 2:47 ) at ( 28:15 ) under ( 20:39 ); on ( condition ) ( 18:66 )
Ýöíin ( 11:108 ); about ( 14:10 ); into ( 15:29 ); on account of ( 60:9 ); respecting ( 2:176 ); with ( 12:82 ); compared to ( 13:26 ); concerning ( 4:176 )
Úóäúabout ( 2:119 ); with ( 2:120 ); from ( 21:101 ) because ( 9:114 ); of ( 3:97 )
ÍóÊøóìuntil, till, yet
Ýóthen; so; but; thus; however; because; so that
æóand ( 36:27 ); with ( 10:71 ); or ( 3:111 ); so that ( 6:27 ) that is ( explaining the preceding word or sentence )
( 21:69 ); oath ( 103:1 ); although ( 6:42 ); when etc….
Ëõãøóthen; again; moreover
Çöãøó , Çóæú , Çóãúor; either
Çóíúäó, ÍóíúËõ- where; áöãóÇÐóÇ, áöãó- why; Çóäøì- where from; ãóÇ- which, what; ãóÊì - when; Çóíøõ- who, whom; ßóíúÝó- how; åóá, Çó- is, what; ßóãú- how many, how much
Èóáì- yes, why not; äóÚóãú- yes; Çöíú- yes, why not
ãóÇ- No; not – is used for past tense. When it is used for aorist tense, it is normally associated with .
áÇóis used for aorist tense meaning “No” or “Not”. When it is used for past tense, it is either associated with or repeated.
áóãúmeaning “No” is used for aorist tense but gives the tense of past negative.
áóäú meaning “Never” is used for future tense.
ßóáÇøómeans “Surely not”
áóæú- if; Çöäú- if; ÇöÐóÇ- when; áóãøóÇ- not yet; ßóíú- so that; Çóäú- that
æóÑóÇÁó- behind; ÇóãóÇãó- in front; ÞóÈúáó- before, earlier; ÊóÍúÊó- below, beneath; ÝóæúÞó- over, above, upon; Ïõæúäö- besides, other than; ÚöäúÏó- near, with; ÈóÚúÏó- after; ÇóãúÓö- yesterday; Íóæúáó- around; Èóíúäó- between, among; Ëóãøó- then and there
ßó- as, like; ÑõÈøóãóÇ- often; Èóáú- but; áóßöäøó, ßóáÇøó- but; áóÚóáøó- so that; ßóÇóäøó - as if; ÇöäøóãóÇ– only; áóíúÊó- wish; - means “certainly”. It is used in the beginning of a sentence and is used in the same sense in the middle of the sentence. It also means “that”; åóÇ, ÇóáÇó, ÇóãóÇ- beware; ÇóãøóÇ- as for
CHAPTER VI
A group of two or more words is known as a ãõÑóßøóÈú( compound ).
1. PHRASE : A group of words not giving complete sense is known as ãõÑóßøóÈú äóÇÞöÕú( phrase ).
This boyåÐóÇ ÇáúæóáóÏõ
The straight pathÇóáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáãõÓúÊóÞöíúãõ
There are two important types of phrases
a) adjective
b) possessive
In the adjective case quality or condition of the noun is described :
Hardworking boy ÇóáúæóáóÏõ ÇáúãõÌúÊóåöÏõ
Sweet waterÇóáúãóÇÁó ÇáúÚóÐúÈõ
The first noun is known as ãóæúÕõæúÝ ( possessor of the quality ) and the second noun is ÕöÝóÊú( adjective ).
In the possessive case, there is a possessive relationship between two nouns :
Allah’s book ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøåö
Khalid’s houseÈóíúÊõ ÎóÇáöÏò
The first noun is known as ãõÖóÇÝú and the second ãõÖóÇÝú Çöáóíúåö .
2. SENTENCE : A group of words giving complete sense is known as ãõÑóßøóÈö ÊóÇãú( sentence )
The Quran is the book of AllahÇóáúÞõÑúÂäõ ßöÊóÇÈõ Çááøåö
The servant opened the doorÝóÊóÍó ÇáúÎóÇÏöãõ ÇáÈóÇÈö
In Arabic language there are two kinds of sentences ÌõãúáóÉó ÇöÓúãöíóÉ ( sentence starting with noun ) and ÌõãúáóÉ ÝöÚöáöíóÉ ( sentence starting with verb )
As example of the first kind :
The boy is standingÇóáúæóáóÏõ ÞóÇÆöãñ
An example of the second kind can be obtained by reversing the order in the above sentence itself
The boy is standingÞóÇãó ÇáúæóáóÏõ
InÌõãúáóÉ ÇöÓúãöíóÉ the first noun is known as ãõÈúÊóÏóÇÁ( subject ) and the second noun is ÎóÈóÑú( predicate ).
InÌõãúáóÉ ÝöÚúáöíóÉ the first word isãÓäÏ ( predicate ) and the second isãÓäÏ Çáíå ( subject ). ãÓäÏ Çáíå( subject ) is always a noun andãÓäÏ ( predicate ) may be a noun or verb.